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| AIR & SPACE | SECURITY | PEOPLE | OIL | CLIMATE | |
| HEALTH | AMAZING H | ZEPPELINS | COAL | VIDEO | |
| BIOFUELS | PROMOTION | ARCHIVE 1 | ARCHIVE 2 |
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Helium Rains Inside Saturn, Jupiter and Other Jovian Planets
Solar-Flare Surprise: Pure Hydrogen Shot at Earth |
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Speedy Star Leaves Long, Revealing Streak |
| Mira’s glowing tail looks like a gigantic version of a comet tail and is made of material blown into the wake of the guttering giant star as it plows through the thin hydrogen gas that makes up the interstellar medium. It’s Mira’s high rate of speed — 291,000 miles per hour — that is causing a bow-shock ahead of the star and the excited hydrogen gas to continue shimmering for 30,000 years in its wake. |
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Hydrogen Gets Promiscuous |
| VIRGINIA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY | ABC January 8, 2005 |
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NASA hopes to put people on Mars within the next several decades. Because of the different
orbits of Earth and Mars, the window of opportunity for travel between the two planets
occurs only once every two years. That means that anyone traveling to Mars would have to
stay there for a long time. The prospect of an extended stay on Mars prompts a number of concerns, among them the health effects of galactic cosmic radiation, found nearly everywhere in space. The magnetic field surrounding the Earth deflects the radiation, but Mars does not have such a field. Radiation can cause illness or even death, depending on the dosage and length of exposure. Therefore, astronauts will need a material they can use to build shelters and laboratories that also will shield against radiation. The lighter the material is in terms of mass, the better its shielding properties, and research has shown that liquid hydrogen is the best possible shield... |
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Study Shows that the Early Earth
Atmosphere |
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DAFNE
goes Hypernuclear In 1953 Marian Danysz and Jerzy Pniewski, two Polish
physicists studying cosmic radiation, observed the first hypernucleus. The interaction of
a high-energy proton with a nucleus in the emulsions they were using as a detector
produced a hyperfragment - a nucleus containing a ? particle. |
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New Fusion Method Offers Hope of New Energy
Source |
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The heaviest isotope of hydrogen ever
has been detected at the RIKEN laboratory in Japan. The isotope contains six neutrons and
one proton and is known as hydrogen-7. An international team of researchers from Japan,
Russia, the UK, France and Sweden collided a high-energy beam of helium-8 atoms with a
cryogenic hydrogen target to make the novel isotope (A A Korsheninnikov et al. 2003 Phys.
Rev. Lett. 082501) |
Scientists have found for the first time
that some of the bacteria that make life miserable for our digestive tracts live off
molecular hydrogen that wasn't supposed to play any biological role in the gut. |
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ATRAP Looks
Inside Antihydrogen
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WHY WERE NO FRAGMENTS OF THE TUNGUSKA METEORITE FOUND? TUNGUSKA MYSTERY SOLVED! 
A Russian scientist attributes the 1908
explosion above Siberia with the power of 2000 Hiroshima atomic bombs
to the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen produced by the thermal decomposition of a
40,000-ton ice comet fragment hitting the atmosphere at 20k/s. |
| “The mystery of the
Tunguska meteorite can be solved with the help of the physicochemical properties of water.
The explanation is based upon water’s ability to decompose in oxygen and hydrogen at
temperatures of over 1000 degrees centigrade. At the temperature of 5000 degrees
centigrade, the decomposition occurs with detonation. When the temperature of the oxygen
and hydrogen (the detonating mixture) drops below 1000 degrees centigrade, water is
generated again together with the detonation. "Calculations have revealed that total amount of heat necessary to turn 1 kg of meteorite ice into decomposition products (warming of ice, ice melting, water heating, water evaporation, heating of the steam, and decomposition of water vapor) is about 30.000 kilojoule per one kilogram. The quantity of heat exuded at the deceleration of a one-kilogram meteorite to the zero speed will be equal to its initial kinetic energy. Let’s assume that the speed at which the meteorite hits the Earth is 20 km per second. Then, the quantity of heat exuded at the deceleration will be about 200.000 kilojoule per kilogram. This is seven times more than necessary for melting, heating, evaporation, and decomposition of water for the initial components. "However, not the whole quantity of heat will be spent on the water’s decomposition; a considerable quantity of heat will quickly disperse in the atmosphere because of the high difference between the temperatures and the meteorite’s high speed in the atmosphere. Obviously, only the front part of the meteorite has all the conditions necessary for an increase of the pressure and temperature enough for water decomposition. "So, the falling of the Tunguska meteorite was as follows. A huge chunk of ice entered the atmosphere at an acute angle, and then it started decelerating increasing in temperature. There is evidence proving that the meteorite’s glow was first noticed near the city of Vladivostok, and the meteorite’s deceleration was registered at 4,000 kilometers, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River basin. The ice chunk increased in temperature along the way, especially the front of the meteorite. The meteorite started splitting into separate fragments. That is why several differently glowing objects could have been observed by the end of the deceleration. By that moment, the gases reached a maximum compression, and fragments of the meteorite increased in temperature to several thousand degrees. At the end of the motion, the clouds of water decomposition products (detonating gas) compressed as a result of the fragments’ deceleration and increase in temperature and detonated in the atmosphere after quick expansion and cooling. Forest fires and concentric forest falls were the consequences of the detonation. Dust particles melted and fell down in the form of small beads. It is likely that when the gas detonated, some tail-end parts of the ice lump were cast away in a different, south-east direction. Thus, the remains of the meteorite should have been searched for not along the meteorites course, but in the opposite direction.” Dr. Vladislav Batenkov |
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Hydrogen Metal
on the Horizon |
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Just what is a hydrogen atom,
anyway? The Glue That Holds the World Together The most we learn about subatomic paricles called gluons, the more the universe seems to be made of nothing at all. by Robert Kunzig, Discover Magazine |
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Hydrogen-fed
Bacteria May Populate the Universe Primitive
bacteria exist in huge numbers deep in the Earth, living on hydrogen gas produced in
rocks, a NASA scientist reports in the spring issue of the journal Astrobiology. |
UK Scientists Show That
Hydrogen Transmits Magnetism "The chemistry leading to
this compound was totally unexpected - before this work, most chemists would not have
believed that anyone could synthesize a material with this composition." "Muons behave like tiny
gyroscopes and spin round when they experience a magnetic field. When implanted in the new
material, we found that they carried on spinning round as we warmed the sample from a
degree above absolute zero to room temperature, demonstrating that the sample was magnetic
over the whole region. That was a surprise because without the hydrogen in there, we would
have expected the oxide chains to lose their magnetism at all but the lowest
temperatures." The new oxide
hydride LaSrCoO3H0.7 adopts an unprecedented structure in which oxide chains are bridged
by hydride anions to form a two-dimensional extended network. The metal centers are
strongly coupled by their bonding with both oxide and hydride ligands to produce magnetic
ordering up to at least 350 K. The synthetic route is sufficiently general to allow the
prediction of a new class of transition metal-containing electronic and magnetic
materials. |
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| The Hydride Anion in an Extended Transition Metal Oxide Array - LaSrCoO3H0.7 - Science Magazine March 8, 2002 |
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THE ICHC SHORT LIST |
 1) The Riversimple Open Source Car Design
Are Our Designs Free? How does open source car design work? - There’s a technical challenge to share ideas on-line, where there is no satisfactory open source CAD (Computer-Aided Design) application. Our solution is to use a low tech approach at first, using a wiki-based website and freely available 3-D viewers to show the 3-D drawings. In time we may get involved in developing a OS CAD program. - Licensing. We cannot simply take the standard OS software license (the GPL is the most common), since we are dealing with hardware, which is not so well protected by copyright. See further down for some thoughts on the licensing issues. We'd like to hear from you! The stages Stage 1 Over the coming months, starting this month (July 2009), we will make available design schematics from the Riversimple technology demonstrator vehicle, together with a description of each component's function in the whole system, and a vehicle design brief for the production prototype. We will provide a mailing list or discussion forum to enable comments and discussions. At this stage we expect Riversimple, as the creator of the original designs, to be leading the discussions. Stage 2 As the detailed discussions develop, we expect a broad consensus to emerge amongst the participants as to which is the best solution to pursue for each design . By this stage, we expect the conversations to be more democratic, with a broad cross-section of collaborators participate, sharing their knowledge and insights. Stage 3 We start creating detailed designs collaboratively and publishing them on-line. Eventually an entire vehicle will be created, and tested, on-line. We are aiming to complete the design of the production prototype by the summer of 2010. Stage 4 Riversimple and other entrepreneurs, under license from 40 Fires, can start downloading the schematics and building and testing the vehicles. With the lessons from this, work can start on an improved production prototype. Are our designs free (as in beer)? |